PENDIDIKAN MULTIKULTURAL DAN IKLUSIF: ISU KEBERAGAMAN BUDAYA, ETNIS, AGAMA, DAN STRATEGI PENDIDIKAN YANG RESPONSIF

Abstract

ABSTRACT
This study aims to analyze the implementation of multicultural and inclusive
education through a scoping review of recent literature published between 2021 and
2025. The findings reveal that multicultural education plays a significant role in
fostering students’ tolerance, empathy, and respect for diversity by integrating
cultural values into the curriculum, modeling inclusive attitudes, and creating
learning environments that embrace plurality. Inclusive education further ensures
equal access for all learners, including those with special needs, through flexible
curriculum design, differentiated instruction, and supportive school culture.
Teachers emerge as central agents in managing cultural, ethnic, and religious
diversity through fair practices, adaptive pedagogy, and effective mediation.
However, challenges such as limited resources, dominant cultural biases, and
insufficient teacher competence continue to hinder effective implementation.
Overall, multicultural and inclusive education contributes substantially to shaping
students into tolerant, democratic individuals capable of living harmoniously in a
diverse society, demonstrating the need for stronger systemic support, teacher
training, and collaborative involvement among stakeholders.
Keywords: Multicultural Education, Inclusive Education, Tolerance

ABSTRAK
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis penerapan pendidikan multikultural dan
inklusif melalui tinjauan literatur dengan pendekatan scoping review terhadap
publikasi tahun 2021–2025. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa pendidikan
multikultural berkontribusi signifikan dalam membentuk sikap toleransi, empati,
serta penghargaan siswa terhadap keberagaman budaya, etnis, dan agama. Nilai
nilai tersebut ditanamkan melalui integrasi keberagaman dalam kurikulum,
keteladanan guru, serta pelaksanaan kegiatan sekolah yang inklusif. Pendidikan
inklusif turut memastikan bahwa seluruh peserta didik including siswa berkebutuhan
khusus mendapatkan kesempatan belajar yang setara melalui penyesuaian
kurikulum, diferensiasi pembelajaran, dan dukungan lingkungan belajar yang
responsif. Guru menjadi aktor utama dalam menciptakan suasana belajar harmonis
melalui praktik pengajaran yang adil, adaptif, dan nondiskriminatif. Meskipun
demikian, implementasi pendidikan multikultural dan inklusif masih menghadapi tantangan, seperti keterbatasan sarana, dominasi budaya mayoritas, serta
kompetensi guru yang belum memadai. Secara keseluruhan, pendidikan
multikultural dan inklusif terbukti efektif dalam membentuk karakter siswa yang
toleran, demokratis, dan mampu hidup berdampingan secara damai dalam
masyarakat majemuk.
Kata Kunci: Pendidikan Multikultural, Pendidikan Inklusif, Toleransi